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[![github]](https://github.com/dtolnay/anyhow) [![crates-io]](https://crates.io/crates/anyhow) [![docs-rs]](https://docs.rs/anyhow) g [github]: https://img.shields.io/badge/github-8da0cb?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=555555&logo=github j k [crates-io]: https://img.shields.io/badge/crates.io-fc8d62?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=555555&logo=rust n j [docs-rs]: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs.rs-66c2a5?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=555555&logo=docs.rs m
K This library provides [`anyhow::Error`][Error], a trait object based error N = type for easy idiomatic error handling in Rust applications. @
# Details
J - Use `Result`, or equivalently `anyhow::Result`, as M , the return type of any fallible function. / M Within the function, use `?` to easily propagate any error that implements P ! the `std::error::Error` trait. $ ``` # pub trait Deserialize {} # # mod serde_json { # use super::Deserialize; # # use std::io; Я G # pub fn from_str(json: &str) -> io::Result { J # unimplemented!()
# }
# } Я # struct ClusterMap; Я ' # impl Deserialize for ClusterMap {} * Я
use anyhow::Result;
0 fn get_cluster_info() -> Result {
3 = let config = std::fs::read_to_string("cluster.json")?;
@ < let map: ClusterMap = serde_json::from_str(&config)?; ? Ok(map) } Я # fn main() {} I - Attach context to help the person troubleshooting the error understand L C where things went wrong. A low-level error like "No such file or F M directory" can be annoying to debug without more context about what higher
P 3 level step the application was in the middle of. 6 # struct It; Я # impl It { ) # fn detach(&self) -> Result<()> { , ױ
Я ! use anyhow::{Context, Result}; $ fn main() -> Result<()> { # return Ok(()); # % # const _: &str = stringify! { (
...
# }; # let it = It; , # let path = "./path/to/instrs.json"; / D it.detach().context("Failed to detach the important thing")?; G ( let content = std::fs::read(path) + M .with_context(|| format!("Failed to read instrs from {}", path))?; P (
# Ok(())
```console : Error: Failed to read instrs from ./path/to/instrs.json =
Caused by: - No such file or directory (os error 2) 0 K - Downcasting is supported and can be by value, by shared reference, or by N mutable reference as needed. " # use anyhow::anyhow; # # use std::fmt::{self, Display}; & # use std::task::Poll; Я # #[derive(Debug)] # enum DataStoreError { # Censored(()), Я & # impl Display for DataStoreError { ) G # fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { J ױ
Я 1 # impl std::error::Error for DataStoreError {} 4 Я % # const REDACTED_CONTENT: () = (); ( Я # let error = anyhow!("..."); # # let root_cause = &error; Я # let ret = 9 // If the error was caused by redaction, then return a < ' // tombstone instead of the content. * 6 match root_cause.downcast_ref::() { 9 N Some(DataStoreError::Censored(_)) => Ok(Poll::Ready(REDACTED_CONTENT)), Q None => Err(error), # ; M - If using the nightly channel, or stable with `features = ["backtrace"]`, a P K backtrace is captured and printed with the error if the underlying error N J type does not already provide its own. In order to see backtraces, they M A must be enabled through the environment variables described in D [`std::backtrace`]: ? - If you want panics and errors to both have backtraces, set B `RUST_BACKTRACE=1`; ! L - If you want only errors to have backtraces, set `RUST_LIB_BACKTRACE=1`; !O K - If you want only panics to have backtraces, set `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` and !N `RUST_LIB_BACKTRACE=0`. " " A The tracking issue for this feature is [rust-lang/rust#53487]. "D # _ [`std::backtrace`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/backtrace/index.html#environment-variables #b I [rust-lang/rust#53487]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/53487 $L $ L - Anyhow works with any error type that has an impl of `std::error::Error`, $O K including ones defined in your crate. We do not bundle a `derive(Error)` %N L macro but you can write the impls yourself or use a standalone macro like &O [thiserror]. & & 4 [thiserror]: https://github.com/dtolnay/thiserror &7 ' ' use thiserror::Error; ' ' #[derive(Error, Debug)] ' pub enum FormatError { ' H #[error("Invalid header (expected {expected:?}, got {found:?})")] (K InvalidHeader { ( expected: String, ( found: String, ) }, ) ) #[error("Missing attribute: {0}")] ), MissingAttribute(String), )# * * * M - One-off error messages can be constructed using the `anyhow!` macro, which *P A supports string interpolation and produces an `anyhow::Error`. *D + + " # use anyhow::{anyhow, Result}; +% Я + # fn demo() -> Result<()> { +! # let missing = "..."; , 9 return Err(anyhow!("Missing attribute: {}", missing)); ,< # Ok(()) , - - - H A `bail!` macro is provided as a shorthand for the same early return. -K - - # use anyhow::{bail, Result}; -# Я . .! . + bail!("Missing attribute: {}", missing); .. / / / / / / # No-std support / / M In no_std mode, the same API is almost all available and works the same way. /P F To depend on Anyhow in no_std mode, disable our default enabled "std" 0I 7 feature in Cargo.toml. A global allocator is required. 1: 1 ```toml 1 [dependencies] 1 7 anyhow = { version = "1.0", default-features = false } 1: ``` 2 2 A Since the `?`-based error conversions would normally rely on the 2D K `std::error::Error` trait which is only available through std, no_std mode 2N D will require an explicit `.map_err(Error::msg)` when working with a 3G J non-Anyhow error type inside a function that returns Anyhow's error type. 4M 4 4 4 5 4
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* * * * * ݸ * * * * * + * * * * * * M * * * * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + @ + + + + + + , + + + ( + + + , + + + + 6 + + + + + + + ݸ + + + , + , + + , + M + , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , @ , , , , , , @ , , , , - , , , , , , 6 , , , , -
, , , , , ݸ , , , , - - - - - - - - M - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - @ - - - - - - . - - - ( - - - .
- - - cond - - - - 6 - . . . . . . ݸ . . . . . . . . . . M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @ . . . . . . @ . . . . / . . . . . . 6 . . . . .
. . . . . ݸ . . . . . / . . . . . . M . . . . / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / @ / / / / / / 0 / / / ( / / / 0
/ / / ¬ / / / / 6 / / 0 / / / / ݸ / 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @ 0 0 0 0 0 0 @ 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 ݸ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 M 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 & 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 & 1 1 1 1 1 @ 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 ( 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 ¬ 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ݸ 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 M 2 2 2 & 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 ݸ 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 M 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 @ 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 ( 3 3 3 4
3 3 3 ¬ 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ݸ 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 M 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 @ 4 4 4 4 4 4 @ 4 4 4 4 5
4 4 4 ¬ 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 ݸ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 M 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 brace 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 @ 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 ( 5 5 5 6 ¬ 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ݸ 5 5 5 6 5 6 5 5 6 5 M 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 @ 6 6 6 6 6 6 @ 6 6 6 6 7 ¬ 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 6 ݸ 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 M 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 @ 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 7 7 7 ( 7 7 7 8
7 7 7 ¬ 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 ݸ 7 7 7 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 M 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 @ 8 8 8 8 8 8 @ 8 8 8 8 9 ¬ 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8 8 ݸ 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 M 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 @ 9 9 9 9 9 9 : 9 9 9 ( 9 9 9 : 9 9 9 9 6 : : : : : : : ݸ : : : : : : : : : : M : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : @ : : : : : : @ : : : : ; ¬ : : : : : : 6 : : : : ;
: : : : : ݸ : : : : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; @ ; ; ; ; ; ; < ; ; ; ( ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; 6 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ݸ ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; @ ; ; < < = < < < < < < 6 < < < < <
< < < < < ݸ < < < < < < < < < < < < M < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < paren < < < < < < < < < < < < = = = = = content = = = = = = = = @ = = = = = = > = = = ( = = = > = = = = 6 = = = = = = = ݸ = = = = = = = = = = M = = = = = = = = = = > > > > > > @ > > > > > > @ > > > > ? > > > > > > 6 > > > > >
> > > > > ݸ > > > > > > > > > > > > M > > > > > > > > > > > > > ? > bracket > > > > > > > > > > > ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? @ ? ? ? ? ? ? @ ? ? ? ( ? ? ? @ ? ? ? ? 6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ݸ ? ? ? @ ? ? ? ? ? ? M ? ? ? ? ? ? @ ? ? @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ A @ @ @ @ @ @ 6 @ @ @ @ @
@ @ @ @ @ ݸ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ M @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ A @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A @ A A A A A A B A A A ( A A A B A A A A 6 A A A A A A A ݸ A A A B A A A A A A M A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B @ B B B B B B @ B B B B C B B B B B B 6 B B B B B
B B B B B ݸ B B B B B B B B B B B B M B B B B B B B B B B B B B C B B B B B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C C C C body C C C C C C C C @ C C C C C C D C C C ( C C C D C C C C 6 C C C C C C C ݸ C C C D C D C C C C M C C C C D D D D D D D D D D D D D D @ D D D D D D @ D D D D E D D D D D D 6 D D D D D
D D D D D ݸ D D D D D D D D D D D D M D D D D D D D D D D D D D E D 3 D E E E E E E E E E E E E E E 3 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E @ E E E E E E F E E E ( E E E F E E E E 6 E E F E E F E ݸ E F F F F F F F F F M F F F 3 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F @ F F F F F F @ F F F F G F F F F F F 6 F F F F F
F F F F F ݸ F F F F F G F G F F F F M F F F F G G G G G G G G G G G 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G @ G G G G G G H G G G ( G H H H H H H H 6 H H H H H H H ݸ H H H H H H H H H H M H H H 3 H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H @ H H H H H H @ H H H H I H H H H I I 6 I I I I I
I I I I I ݸ I I I I I I I I I I I I M I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I # I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I # I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I @ I I I I J J K J J J ( J J J K J J J J 6 J J J J J J J ݸ J J J J J J J J J J M J J J # J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J @ J J J J J J @ J J K K L K K K K K K 6 K K K K K
K K K K K ݸ K K K K K K K K K K K K M K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K L K K L K K L L L L L L L @ L L L L L L M M M M ( M M M M M M M M 6 M M M M M M M ݸ M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M @ M M M M M M @ M M M N N N N N N N N 6 N N N N N
N N N N N ݸ N N N N N N N N N N N N M N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N lit N N N N N N N @ N N N N N N O N N N ( N O O O O O O O 6 O O O O O O O ݸ O O O O O O O O O O M O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O @ O O O O O O @ O O O P P P P P P P P 6 P P P P P
P P P P P ݸ P P P P P P P P P P P P M P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P colons P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P @ P P P P P Q R Q Q Q ( Q Q Q R
epath Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 6 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q ݸ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q M Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q @ Q Q Q Q R Q @ R R R R R R R R R R R 6 R R R R R
R R R R R ݸ R R R R R R R R R R R R M R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R @ R R R R R R T S S S ( S S S S
S S S S S S S 6 S S S S S S S ݸ S S S S S S S S S S M S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S @ S S S S S S @ S S T T T T T T T T T 6 T T T T T
T T T T T ݸ T T T T T T T T T T T T M T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T langle T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T @ T T T T T T V U U U ( U U U V
" U U U qpath U U U U U U U U U U 6 U U U U U U U ݸ U U U U U U U U U U M U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U @ U U U U V U @ U V V V W V V V V V V 6 V V V V V
V V V V V ݸ V V V V V V V V V V V V M V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V W W W W W @ W W W W W W X W W W ( W W W X
generic W W W W W W W 6 W W W W W W W ݸ W W W X W W W W W W M W W W W W W W W X W W X X X X X X X @ X X X X X X @ X X X X Y X X X X X X 6 X X X X X
X X X X X ݸ X X X X X X X X X X X X M X X X X X X X X X X X X X Y X X X X X X Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y @ Y Y Y Y Y Y Z Y Y Y ( Y Y Y Z Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 6 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y ݸ Y Y Y Z Y Z Y Y Y Y M Y Y Y Y Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z @ Z Z Z Z Z Z Z @ Z Z Z Z [ Z Z Z Z Z Z 6 Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z ݸ Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z M Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z [ Z [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ @ [ [ [ [ [ [ \ [ [ [ ( [ [ [ \ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 6 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ݸ [ [ [ \ [ \ [ [ \ [ M [ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ @ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ @ \ \ \ \ ] \ \ \ \ \ \ 6 \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ ݸ \ \ \ \ \ ] \ \ \ \ \ \ M \ \ \ \ \ \ ] \ \ ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] @ ] ] ] ] ] ] ^ ] ] ] ( ] ] ] ^ ] ] ] ] 6 ] ] ^ ] ] ^ ] ݸ ] ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ M ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ @ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ @ ^ ^ ^ ^ _ ^ ^ ^ ^ pop ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 6 ^ ^ ^ ^ _
^ ^ ^ _ ^ ݸ ^ ^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ M _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mac _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ @ _ _ _ _ _ _ ` _ _ _ ( _ ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` 6 ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ݸ ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` M ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` @ ` ` ` ` ` ` @ ` ` ` ` a ` ` a ` ` ` ` ` a a a a 6 a a a a a
a a a a a ݸ a a a a a a a a a a a a M a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a @ a a a a a b c b b b ( b b b b b b b b b 6 b b b b b b b ݸ b b b b b b b b b b M b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b @ b b b b b b @ b b c c d c c c c c c c c c c c c 6 c c c c c
c c c c c ݸ c c c c c c c c c c c c M c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c d d d d d d d d d d d d d d @ d d d d d d e d d d ( d d d e d d d d d 6 d d d d d d d ݸ d d d e d d d d d d M d d d d d d d d d d d e e e e e e e @ e e e e e e @ e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 6 e e e e e
e e e e e ݸ e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e @ e e e e e f f f f f ( f f f f f f f f f 6 f f f f f f f ݸ f f f f f f f f f f @ f f f f g g g g g g g 6 g g g g g
g g g g g ݸ g g g g g g g g g g g g M g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g @ g g g g g g h h h h ( h h h h h h h h 6 h h h h h h h ݸ h h h h h h h h h h M h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h @ h h h h h h @ h h h i i i i i i i i 6 i i i i i
i i i i i ݸ i i i i i i i i i i i i M i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i @ i i i i i j j j j j ( j j j j j j j j 6 j j j j j j j ݸ j j j j j j j j j j M j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j @ j j j j j j @ j j j k l k k k k k k 6 k k k k k
k k k k k ݸ k k k k k k k k k k k k M k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k init k k k k k k k k @ k k k k l l l l l l ( l l l l l l l l 6 l l l l l l l ݸ l l l l l l l l l l M l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l @ l l l l l l @ l l m m m m m m m m m 6 m m m m m
m m m m m ݸ m m m m m m m m m m m m M m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m question m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m @ m m m m m m n n n n ( n n n n n n n n 6 n n n n n n n ݸ n n n n n n n n n n M n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n @ n n n n n n @ n n n o p o o o o o o 6 o o o o o
o o o o o ݸ o o o o o o o o o o o o M o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o dot o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p p p p @ p p p p p p q p p p ( p p p q
p p p p p p p 6 p p p p p p p ݸ p p p q p q p p p p M p p p p p p q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q @ q q q q q q @ q q q q r q q q q q q 6 q q q q q
q q q q q ݸ q q q q q r q q q q q q M q q q q q q r q q r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r @ r r r r r r s r r r ( r r r s r r s r s s s 6 s s s s s s s ݸ s s s s s s
s s s s M s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s @ s s s s s s s @ s s s s u s s s s t t 6 t t t t t
t t t t t ݸ t t t t t t t t t t t t M t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t u t @ t t t u u u v u u u ( u u u v u u u u u u u 6 u u u u u u u ݸ u u u u u u
u u u u M u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u v v v v v v @ v v v v v v v @ v v v v w v v v v v v 6 v v v v v
v v v v v ݸ v v v v v v v v v v v v M v v v v v v v v v v v v v w v v v v v v v v v v v w w w w w w w w w w @ w w w w w w x w w w ( w w w x w w w w 6 w w w w w w w ݸ w w w x w w w w w w M w w w w w w w w x w w x x x x x x x @ x x x x x x @ x x x x y x x x x x x 6 x x x x x
x x x x x ݸ x x x x x x x x x x x x M x x x x x x x x x x x x x y x x x x x x y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y @ y y y y y y z y y y ( y y y z y y y y 6 y y y y y y y ݸ y y y z y z y y y y M y y y y z z z z z z z z z z z z z z @ z z z z z z @ z z z z { z z z z z z 6 z z z z z
z z z z z ݸ z z z z z z z z z z z z M z z z z z z z z z z z z z { { { { { { { { { { { { { { { { { { @ { { { { { { | { { { ( { { { |
" { { { { { { { 6 { { { { { { { ݸ { { { | { { { { { { M { { { { { | | | | | | | | | | | @ | | | | | | @ | | | | }
" | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | | | | |
| | | | | ݸ | | | | | } | | | | | | M | | | | } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } @ } } } } } } ~ } } } ( } } } ~ } } } } } 6 } ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ݸ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ @ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ @ ~ ~ ~ ~
" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ݸ ~ M @ ڀ ( Ԁ 6 ݸ M ɀ ǀ @ À Ȁ ˀ ̀ Ҁ ̀ @ Ӏ ۀ ݁ " 6
ݸ M ȁ star Ɓ Á ā ǁ ʁ ˁ с ҁ ہ Ӂ @ ԁ ف ܁ ߁ ( ܂ " 6 ݸ ł M Â Ă ǂ т Ȃ ɂ ς ʂ @ ˂ Ђ ӂ Ԃ ڂ Ղ @ ւ ۂ " 6
ݸ M Ã ă ̃ Ń ƃ Ƀ ʃ ̓ Ѓ у Ճ փ ߃ ׃ @ ܃ ݃ ( ބ " 6 ݸ DŽ M ń Ƅ Ʉ ӄ ʄ ˄ ф ̄ @ ̈́ ҄ Մ ք ܄ ׄ @ ݄ " 6
ݸ M ޅ
˅ ̅ υ Ѕ Ӆ ԅ ܅ Յ օ م څ ݅ l @ ( " 6 ݸ Æ Ć ݆ ņ Ɔ ˆ dž M Ȇ ̆ Ά φ ӆ Ԇ ن چ ߆ @ @ " 6
ݸ Ӈ ć M Ç Ƈ LJ ч ȇ ɇ · χ ҇ Շ և ׇ ڇ ۇ އ ߇ @ ( " 6 Ȉ ƈ ݸ Lj ʈ ˈ ވ ̈ ͈ ҈ Έ M ψ ӈ Ո ֈ ڈ ۈ @ @ " 6
ݸ ԉ ʼn É M ĉ lj ȉ ҉ ɉ ʉ ω Љ Ӊ ։ ؉ ۉ ܉ ߉ @ ( " Ȋ 6 Ɋ Ί ؊ ϊ Њ ֊ ъ ݸ Ҋ ڊ ۊ ܊ ݊ ފ M ߊ @ @ " 6 Nj
ŋ ݸ Ë Ƌ ɋ ʋ ˋ ̋ ԋ ͋ M ы ҋ Ջ ؋ ً ڋ ۋ @ ( " 6 Č Ό Ō ƌ ̌ nj ݸ Ȍ ͌ Ќ ь ߌ Ҍ ӌ ، Ԍ M Ռ ٌ ی ܌ @ @ " 6
ݸ Ս ƍ č M ō ȍ ɍ Ӎ ʍ ˍ Ѝ э ԍ ؍ ٍ ܍ ݍ @ ( Ȏ Ɏ " ʎ ώ Ў ֎ 6 ݎ ގ ߎ ݸ M @ @ " Ï 6 ď ȏ ɏ ̏ ڏ
͏ Ώ Ϗ ؏ Џ ݸ я Տ ֏ ُ ݏ ޏ ߏ M @ ( А ѐ " Ґ א ؐ ސ 6 ߐ ݸ M @ @ " ő 6 Ƒ ʑ ˑ Α ܑ
ϑ Б ё ڑ ґ ݸ ӑ ב ؑ ۑ ޑ ߑ M @ ˒ ̒ ђ ( Ӓ " 6 ݸ M @ @ Ǔ " ȓ ͓ Γ ӓ ԓ ד 6 ؓ ܓ ݓ
ݸ M @ Ô Ȕ ( ʔ ؔ ٔ " ڔ ߔ 6 ݸ M @ @ ʖ " ĕ ŕ ȕ 6 ɕ ͕ Ε ѕ ߕ
ҕ ӕ ԕ ݕ Օ ݸ ֕ ڕ ە ޕ M #
# Ȗ @ Ŗ Ɩ ɖ ̖ ϖ ʗ ٖ ږ ߖ ( ė " 6 ݸ M # @ @ × ˗ җ " ӗ ؗ ٗ ޗ ߗ 6
ݸ M
ɘ ʘ ͘ Θ ֘ ט ؘ @ ٘ ݘ ޘ ( " 6 ݸ ʙ M ș Ù ə ̙ ֙ ͙ Ι ԙ ϙ @ Й ՙ ؙ ٙ ߙ ڙ @ ۙ " 6
ݸ M К
Ś ƚ Κ ǚ Ț ˚ ̚ Ϛ Қ ٚ ښ ۚ @ ܚ ( ߛ " 6 ݸ ț M ƛ Ǜ ʛ ԛ ˛ ̛ қ ͛ @ Λ ӛ ֛ כ ݛ ؛ @ ٛ ޛ " 6
ݸ M ۜ
Ü Ɯ arrow ǜ ̜ ͜ М ќ ٜ Ҝ Ӝ ֜ ל ڜ
ݜ @ ( " 6 ݸ Ý ĝ ߝ ŝ Ɲ ˝ ǝ M ȝ ̝ Ν
ϝ ҝ ӝ ٝ ڝ @ @ " 6 Ğ
ݸ Þ ƞ Ǟ Ӟ Ȟ ɞ ў ʞ M ˞ Ξ Ϟ Ҟ ՞ ֞ מ ؞ ݞ ޞ
@ ( Ɵ ǟ ȟ ɟ ͟ Ο ԟ 6 ՟ ڟ ۟ ܟ ݟ ݸ ޟ M
@ @ " 6 Š Ӡ
Ơ Ǡ Ƞ Ѡ ɠ ݸ ʠ Π Ϡ Ҡ ՠ ֠ נ ؠ ٠ M ڠ ݠ ޠ @ ( " ¡ ǡ ȡ Ρ 6 ϡ ԡ ޡ ա ֡ ܡ ס ݸ ء ݡ M @ @ " 6 Ȣ
Ƣ ݸ â Ģ Ǣ ʢ ˢ ע ̢ ͢ բ M Ϣ Ң Ӣ ֢ ٢ ڢ ۢ ܢ 5 5 @ ( " 6 £ ǣ ѣ ȣ ɣ ϣ ʣ ݸ ˣ У ӣ ԣ գ ֣ ۣ ף M أ ܣ ޣ 5 ߣ @ @
" 6 Ǥ
Ť ݸ ¤ ä Ƥ ɤ ʤ ֤ ˤ ̤ Ԥ ͤ M Τ Ѥ Ҥ դ ؤ ٤ ڤ ۤ wild @ ( 6 ť ϥ ƥ ǥ ͥ ȥ ݸ ɥ Υ ѥ ҥ ӥ ԥ ٥ ե M ֥ ڥ ܥ ݥ @ @
" 6 Ʀ
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J V / Create a new error object from any error type. 2 E The error type must be threadsafe and `'static`, so that the `Error` H will be as well. D If the error type does not provide a backtrace, a backtrace will be G 0 created here to ensure that a backtrace exists. 3
JJ $ τ J) _ : Create a new error object from a printable error message. = B If the argument implements std::error::Error, prefer `Error::new` E ? instead which preserves the underlying error's cause chain and B F backtrace. If the argument may or may not implement std::error::Error
I B now or in the future, use `anyhow!(err)` which handles either way
E correctly. G `Error::msg("...")` is equivalent to `anyhow!("...")` but occasionally J G convenient in places where a function is preferable over a macro, such J # as iterator or stream combinators:
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# mod ffi {
# pub struct Input;
# pub struct Output;
L # pub async fn do_some_work(_: Input) -> Result { O # unimplemented!() # } # } # use ffi::{Input, Output}; use anyhow::{Error, Result}; 8 use futures::stream::{Stream, StreamExt, TryStreamExt}; ; 3 async fn demo(stream: S) -> Result> 6 where S: Stream- , { stream A .then(ffi::do_some_work) // returns Result D .map_err(Error::msg) .try_collect() .await
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@ @ J bJ $ @ B B B τ B) A0 A A @ @ Ua . Wrap the error value with additional context. G1 H = For attaching context to a `Result` as it is propagated, the H@ H [`Context`][crate::Context] extension trait may be more convenient than HK this function. I I : The primary reason to use `error.context(...)` instead of I= F `result.context(...)` via the `Context` trait would be if the context JI ; needs to depend on some data held by the underlying error: J> K K ( # use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Display}; K+ K K L + # impl std::error::Error for ParseError {} L. # impl Debug for ParseError { L! E # fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { LH M ڪ M M # impl Display for ParseError { M# NH N ڪ O O O use anyhow::Result; O use std::fs::File; O use std::path::Path; O P struct ParseError { P line: usize, P column: usize, P P P 5 fn parse_impl(file: File) -> Result { P8 Q+ Ӎ Q Q R R R 4 pub fn parse(path: impl AsRef) -> Result { R7 # let file = File::open(&path)?; R& ' parse_impl(file).map_err(|error| { S* let context = format!( S" 7 "only the first {} lines of {} are valid", S: 1 error.line, path.as_ref().display(), T4 ); T 3 anyhow::Error::new(error).context(context) T6 }) U
U U U U U V JLJ d V V V V Vd V V V V q C An iterator of the chain of source errors contained by this Error. kF k F This iterator will visit every error in the cause chain of this error kI D object, beginning with the error that this error object was created lG from. m m
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m m use anyhow::Error; m
use std::io; m m J pub fn underlying_io_error_kind(error: &Error) -> Option { nM ! for cause in error.chain() { n$ D if let Some(io_error) = cause.downcast_ref::() { nG * return Some(io_error.kind()); o-
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7 7J 7R t t xY ; Returns true if `E` is the type held by this error object. u> u E For errors with context, this method returns true if `E` matches the uH B type of the context `C` **or** the type of the error on which the vE E context has been attached. For details about the interaction between vH % context and downcasting, [see here]. w( w 5 [see here]: trait.Context.html#effect-on-downcasting w8 x 7 7J $ x x GJ x GJ x x x τ y J x x x zm 9 Attempt to downcast the error object to a concrete type. y< z J $ z z z z z τ z J z z z Ìi ) Downcast this error object by reference. , ۄ
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# Ok(()) ! # use thiserror::Error; # const MAX_DEPTH: usize = 1; ! #[derive(Error, Debug)] enum ScienceError { ) #[error("recursion limit exceeded")] , RecursionLimitExceeded, # #[error("...")] # More = (stringify! { Ӎ # }, 1).1, # let depth = 0; if depth > MAX_DEPTH { 1 bail!(ScienceError::RecursionLimitExceeded); 4 $ *
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X 9 The `Error` type, a wrapper around a dynamic error type. ?< ? F `Error` works a lot like `Box`, but with these ?I
differences: @ @ D - `Error` requires that the error is `Send`, `Sync`, and `'static`. @G K - `Error` guarantees that a backtrace is available, even if the underlying AN # error type does not provide one. A& I - `Error` is represented as a narrow pointer — exactly one word in BL size instead of two. B B B B # Display representations B C M When you print an error object using "{}" or to_string(), only the outermost CP K underlying error or context is printed, not any of the lower level causes. CN H This is exactly as if you had called the Display impl of the error from DK * which you constructed your anyhow::Error. E- E ```console E 1 Failed to read instrs from ./path/to/instrs.json E4 F F M To print causes as well using anyhow's default formatting of causes, use the FP alternate selector "{:#}". F F ٽ G Y Failed to read instrs from ./path/to/instrs.json: No such file or directory (os error 2) G\ G G J The Debug format "{:?}" includes your backtrace if one was captured. Note GM J that this is the representation you get by default if you return an error HM ; from `fn main` instead of printing it explicitly yourself. I> I ٽ I 8 Error: Failed to read instrs from ./path/to/instrs.json I; J Caused by: J + No such file or directory (os error 2) J. J J ' and if there is a backtrace available: J* K ٽ K K; K K L. L Stack backtrace: L 9 0: ::ext_context L< 0 at /git/anyhow/src/backtrace.rs:26 M3 ) 1: core::result::Result::map_err M, 5 at /git/rustc/src/libcore/result.rs:596 M8 _ 2: anyhow::context:: for core::result::Result>::with_context Nb . at /git/anyhow/src/context.rs:58 O1 3: testing::main O at src/main.rs:5 O! 4: std::rt::lang_start O / at /git/rustc/src/libstd/rt.rs:61 P2 5: main P 6: __libc_start_main P
7: _start P P Q F To see a conventional struct-style Debug representation, use "{:#?}". QI Q ٽ Q Error { Q A context: "Failed to read instrs from ./path/to/instrs.json", QD source: Os { R code: 2, R kind: NotFound, R . message: "No such file or directory", R1 }, S
S S S M If none of the built-in representations are appropriate and you would prefer SP K to render the error and its cause chain yourself, it can be done something TN like this: T T T U" U fn main() { U # if let Err(err) = try_main() { U& % eprintln!("ERROR: {}", err); U( O err.chain().skip(1).for_each(|cause| eprintln!("because: {}", cause)); VR std::process::exit(1); V" W W W fn try_main() -> Result<()> { W! W+ Ӎ W W W X X X J gQ_ X X g `Result` ] ] M This is a reasonable return type to use throughout your application but also ]P B for `fn main`; if you do, failures will be printed along with any ^E 8 [context][Context] and a backtrace if one was captured. _; _ @ `anyhow::Result` may be used with one *or* two type parameters. _C ` ```rust ` ` ` $ # const IGNORE: &str = stringify! { `' fn demo1() -> Result {...} `! D // ^ equivalent to std::result::Result aG a * fn demo2() -> Result {...} a- A // ^ equivalent to std::result::Result bD # }; b b b b
b b # pub trait Deserialize {} b c # mod serde_json { c # use super::Deserialize; c! # use std::io; c c E # pub fn from_str(json: &str) -> io::Result { cH d ڪ d d d d # struct ClusterMap; e e % # impl Deserialize for ClusterMap {} e( e e e fn main() -> Result<()> { e # return Ok(()); f ; let config = std::fs::read_to_string("cluster.json")?; f> : let map: ClusterMap = serde_json::from_str(&config)?; f= * println!("cluster info: {:#?}", map); g- Ok(()) g g g h $ h h J h h h h J 1 , Provides the `context` method for `Result`. h/ h D This trait is sealed and cannot be implemented for types outside of hG
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use std::fs; j use std::path::PathBuf; j j pub struct ImportantThing { j path: PathBuf, j j j impl ImportantThing { k 0 # const IGNORE: &'static str = stringify! { k3 1 pub fn detach(&mut self) -> Result<()> {...} k4 l + # fn detach(&mut self) -> Result<()> { l. # unimplemented!() l # } l l l : pub fn do_it(mut it: ImportantThing) -> Result> { l= B it.detach().context("Failed to detach the important thing")?; mE m let path = &it.path; m ! let content = fs::read(path) n$ U .with_context(|| format!("Failed to read instrs from {}", path.display()))?; nX o Ok(content) o o o o I When printed, the outermost context would be printed first and the lower oL 3 level underlying causes would be enumerated below. p6 p ٽ p p; q q q. q q H Refer to the [Display representations] documentation for other forms in qK * which this context chain can be rendered. r- r 9 [Display representations]: Error#display-representations r< s s s # Effect on downcasting s s M After attaching context of type `C` onto an error of type `E`, the resulting sP 6 `anyhow::Error` may be downcast to `C` **or** to `E`. t9 t J That is, in codebases that rely on downcasting, Anyhow's context supports tM ! both of the following use cases: u$ u K - **Attaching context whose type is insignificant onto errors whose type uN is used in downcasts.** v v L In other error libraries whose context is not designed this way, it can vO M be risky to introduce context to existing code because new context might wP J break existing working downcasts. In Anyhow, any downcast that worked wM L before adding context will continue to work after you add a context, so xO M you should freely add human-readable context to errors wherever it would yP be helpful. y y ``` y # use anyhow::bail; y # use thiserror::Error; z # z # #[derive(Error, Debug)] z! # #[error("???")] z # struct SuspiciousError; z! { " # fn helper() -> Result<()> { {% " # bail!(SuspiciousError); {% { | # use anyhow::{Context, Result}; |& | fn do_it() -> Result<()> { |" : helper().context("Failed to complete the work")?; |= , # const IGNORE: &str = stringify! { }/ ... }
# }; } # unreachable!() } ~ ~ fn main() { ~ ( let err = do_it().unwrap_err(); ~+ A if let Some(e) = err.downcast_ref::() { ~D H // If helper() returned SuspiciousError, this downcast will K C // correctly succeed even with the context in between. F # return; ŀ
2 # panic!("expected downcast to succeed"); Ӏ5 J - **Attaching context whose type is used in downcasts onto errors whose M type is insignificant.** H Some codebases prefer to use machine-readable context to categorize K L lower level errors in a way that will be actionable to higher levels of O the application. ˃ σ ۃ ! Ä # struct HelperFailed; ݄ % . # bail!("no such file or directory"); 1 ޅ & " ) helper().context(HelperFailed)?; , / ݇ + > if let Some(e) = err.downcast_ref::() { A D // If helper failed, this downcast will succeed because G E // HelperFailed is the context that has been attached to H // that error.
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\ Ȋ SȊ - Equivalent to Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(value). 0 M This simplifies creation of an anyhow::Result in places where type inference P J cannot deduce the `E` type of the result — without needing to write M ! `Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(value)`. $ J One might think that `anyhow::Result::Ok(value)` would work in such cases M but it does not. ̑ ٽ Б H error[E0282]: type annotations needed for `std::result::Result` ߑK --> src/main.rs:11:13 | ǒ ( 11 | let _ = anyhow::Result::Ok(1); В+ k | - ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ cannot infer type for type parameter `E` declared on the enum `Result` n | | | consider giving this pattern the explicit type `std::result::Result`, where the type parameter `E` is specified Jh J , Ȗ ޖ % I ' p ' v ˗ Ȗ ז
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