1/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
2/*
3 * Variant of atomic_t specialized for reference counts.
4 *
5 * The interface matches the atomic_t interface (to aid in porting) but only
6 * provides the few functions one should use for reference counting.
7 *
8 * Saturation semantics
9 * ====================
10 *
11 * refcount_t differs from atomic_t in that the counter saturates at
12 * REFCOUNT_SATURATED and will not move once there. This avoids wrapping the
13 * counter and causing 'spurious' use-after-free issues. In order to avoid the
14 * cost associated with introducing cmpxchg() loops into all of the saturating
15 * operations, we temporarily allow the counter to take on an unchecked value
16 * and then explicitly set it to REFCOUNT_SATURATED on detecting that underflow
17 * or overflow has occurred. Although this is racy when multiple threads
18 * access the refcount concurrently, by placing REFCOUNT_SATURATED roughly
19 * equidistant from 0 and INT_MAX we minimise the scope for error:
20 *
21 * INT_MAX REFCOUNT_SATURATED UINT_MAX
22 * 0 (0x7fff_ffff) (0xc000_0000) (0xffff_ffff)
23 * +--------------------------------+----------------+----------------+
24 * <---------- bad value! ---------->
25 *
26 * (in a signed view of the world, the "bad value" range corresponds to
27 * a negative counter value).
28 *
29 * As an example, consider a refcount_inc() operation that causes the counter
30 * to overflow:
31 *
32 * int old = atomic_fetch_add_relaxed(r);
33 * // old is INT_MAX, refcount now INT_MIN (0x8000_0000)
34 * if (old < 0)
35 * atomic_set(r, REFCOUNT_SATURATED);
36 *
37 * If another thread also performs a refcount_inc() operation between the two
38 * atomic operations, then the count will continue to edge closer to 0. If it
39 * reaches a value of 1 before /any/ of the threads reset it to the saturated
40 * value, then a concurrent refcount_dec_and_test() may erroneously free the
41 * underlying object.
42 * Linux limits the maximum number of tasks to PID_MAX_LIMIT, which is currently
43 * 0x400000 (and can't easily be raised in the future beyond FUTEX_TID_MASK).
44 * With the current PID limit, if no batched refcounting operations are used and
45 * the attacker can't repeatedly trigger kernel oopses in the middle of refcount
46 * operations, this makes it impossible for a saturated refcount to leave the
47 * saturation range, even if it is possible for multiple uses of the same
48 * refcount to nest in the context of a single task:
49 *
50 * (UINT_MAX+1-REFCOUNT_SATURATED) / PID_MAX_LIMIT =
51 * 0x40000000 / 0x400000 = 0x100 = 256
52 *
53 * If hundreds of references are added/removed with a single refcounting
54 * operation, it may potentially be possible to leave the saturation range; but
55 * given the precise timing details involved with the round-robin scheduling of
56 * each thread manipulating the refcount and the need to hit the race multiple
57 * times in succession, there doesn't appear to be a practical avenue of attack
58 * even if using refcount_add() operations with larger increments.
59 *
60 * Memory ordering
61 * ===============
62 *
63 * Memory ordering rules are slightly relaxed wrt regular atomic_t functions
64 * and provide only what is strictly required for refcounts.
65 *
66 * The increments are fully relaxed; these will not provide ordering. The
67 * rationale is that whatever is used to obtain the object we're increasing the
68 * reference count on will provide the ordering. For locked data structures,
69 * its the lock acquire, for RCU/lockless data structures its the dependent
70 * load.
71 *
72 * Do note that inc_not_zero() provides a control dependency which will order
73 * future stores against the inc, this ensures we'll never modify the object
74 * if we did not in fact acquire a reference.
75 *
76 * The decrements will provide release order, such that all the prior loads and
77 * stores will be issued before, it also provides a control dependency, which
78 * will order us against the subsequent free().
79 *
80 * The control dependency is against the load of the cmpxchg (ll/sc) that
81 * succeeded. This means the stores aren't fully ordered, but this is fine
82 * because the 1->0 transition indicates no concurrency.
83 *
84 * Note that the allocator is responsible for ordering things between free()
85 * and alloc().
86 *
87 * The decrements dec_and_test() and sub_and_test() also provide acquire
88 * ordering on success.
89 *
90 */
91
92#ifndef _LINUX_REFCOUNT_H
93#define _LINUX_REFCOUNT_H
94
95#include <linux/atomic.h>
96#include <linux/bug.h>
97#include <linux/compiler.h>
98#include <linux/limits.h>
99#include <linux/spinlock_types.h>
100
101struct mutex;
102
103/**
104 * typedef refcount_t - variant of atomic_t specialized for reference counts
105 * @refs: atomic_t counter field
106 *
107 * The counter saturates at REFCOUNT_SATURATED and will not move once
108 * there. This avoids wrapping the counter and causing 'spurious'
109 * use-after-free bugs.
110 */
111typedef struct refcount_struct {
112 atomic_t refs;
113} refcount_t;
114
115#define REFCOUNT_INIT(n) { .refs = ATOMIC_INIT(n), }
116#define REFCOUNT_MAX INT_MAX
117#define REFCOUNT_SATURATED (INT_MIN / 2)
118
119enum refcount_saturation_type {
120 REFCOUNT_ADD_NOT_ZERO_OVF,
121 REFCOUNT_ADD_OVF,
122 REFCOUNT_ADD_UAF,
123 REFCOUNT_SUB_UAF,
124 REFCOUNT_DEC_LEAK,
125};
126
127void refcount_warn_saturate(refcount_t *r, enum refcount_saturation_type t);
128
129/**
130 * refcount_set - set a refcount's value
131 * @r: the refcount
132 * @n: value to which the refcount will be set
133 */
134static inline void refcount_set(refcount_t *r, int n)
135{
136 atomic_set(v: &r->refs, i: n);
137}
138
139/**
140 * refcount_read - get a refcount's value
141 * @r: the refcount
142 *
143 * Return: the refcount's value
144 */
145static inline unsigned int refcount_read(const refcount_t *r)
146{
147 return atomic_read(v: &r->refs);
148}
149
150static inline __must_check bool __refcount_add_not_zero(int i, refcount_t *r, int *oldp)
151{
152 int old = refcount_read(r);
153
154 do {
155 if (!old)
156 break;
157 } while (!atomic_try_cmpxchg_relaxed(v: &r->refs, old: &old, new: old + i));
158
159 if (oldp)
160 *oldp = old;
161
162 if (unlikely(old < 0 || old + i < 0))
163 refcount_warn_saturate(r, t: REFCOUNT_ADD_NOT_ZERO_OVF);
164
165 return old;
166}
167
168/**
169 * refcount_add_not_zero - add a value to a refcount unless it is 0
170 * @i: the value to add to the refcount
171 * @r: the refcount
172 *
173 * Will saturate at REFCOUNT_SATURATED and WARN.
174 *
175 * Provides no memory ordering, it is assumed the caller has guaranteed the
176 * object memory to be stable (RCU, etc.). It does provide a control dependency
177 * and thereby orders future stores. See the comment on top.
178 *
179 * Use of this function is not recommended for the normal reference counting
180 * use case in which references are taken and released one at a time. In these
181 * cases, refcount_inc(), or one of its variants, should instead be used to
182 * increment a reference count.
183 *
184 * Return: false if the passed refcount is 0, true otherwise
185 */
186static inline __must_check bool refcount_add_not_zero(int i, refcount_t *r)
187{
188 return __refcount_add_not_zero(i, r, NULL);
189}
190
191static inline void __refcount_add(int i, refcount_t *r, int *oldp)
192{
193 int old = atomic_fetch_add_relaxed(i, v: &r->refs);
194
195 if (oldp)
196 *oldp = old;
197
198 if (unlikely(!old))
199 refcount_warn_saturate(r, t: REFCOUNT_ADD_UAF);
200 else if (unlikely(old < 0 || old + i < 0))
201 refcount_warn_saturate(r, t: REFCOUNT_ADD_OVF);
202}
203
204/**
205 * refcount_add - add a value to a refcount
206 * @i: the value to add to the refcount
207 * @r: the refcount
208 *
209 * Similar to atomic_add(), but will saturate at REFCOUNT_SATURATED and WARN.
210 *
211 * Provides no memory ordering, it is assumed the caller has guaranteed the
212 * object memory to be stable (RCU, etc.). It does provide a control dependency
213 * and thereby orders future stores. See the comment on top.
214 *
215 * Use of this function is not recommended for the normal reference counting
216 * use case in which references are taken and released one at a time. In these
217 * cases, refcount_inc(), or one of its variants, should instead be used to
218 * increment a reference count.
219 */
220static inline void refcount_add(int i, refcount_t *r)
221{
222 __refcount_add(i, r, NULL);
223}
224
225static inline __must_check bool __refcount_inc_not_zero(refcount_t *r, int *oldp)
226{
227 return __refcount_add_not_zero(i: 1, r, oldp);
228}
229
230/**
231 * refcount_inc_not_zero - increment a refcount unless it is 0
232 * @r: the refcount to increment
233 *
234 * Similar to atomic_inc_not_zero(), but will saturate at REFCOUNT_SATURATED
235 * and WARN.
236 *
237 * Provides no memory ordering, it is assumed the caller has guaranteed the
238 * object memory to be stable (RCU, etc.). It does provide a control dependency
239 * and thereby orders future stores. See the comment on top.
240 *
241 * Return: true if the increment was successful, false otherwise
242 */
243static inline __must_check bool refcount_inc_not_zero(refcount_t *r)
244{
245 return __refcount_inc_not_zero(r, NULL);
246}
247
248static inline void __refcount_inc(refcount_t *r, int *oldp)
249{
250 __refcount_add(i: 1, r, oldp);
251}
252
253/**
254 * refcount_inc - increment a refcount
255 * @r: the refcount to increment
256 *
257 * Similar to atomic_inc(), but will saturate at REFCOUNT_SATURATED and WARN.
258 *
259 * Provides no memory ordering, it is assumed the caller already has a
260 * reference on the object.
261 *
262 * Will WARN if the refcount is 0, as this represents a possible use-after-free
263 * condition.
264 */
265static inline void refcount_inc(refcount_t *r)
266{
267 __refcount_inc(r, NULL);
268}
269
270static inline __must_check bool __refcount_sub_and_test(int i, refcount_t *r, int *oldp)
271{
272 int old = atomic_fetch_sub_release(i, v: &r->refs);
273
274 if (oldp)
275 *oldp = old;
276
277 if (old == i) {
278 smp_acquire__after_ctrl_dep();
279 return true;
280 }
281
282 if (unlikely(old < 0 || old - i < 0))
283 refcount_warn_saturate(r, t: REFCOUNT_SUB_UAF);
284
285 return false;
286}
287
288/**
289 * refcount_sub_and_test - subtract from a refcount and test if it is 0
290 * @i: amount to subtract from the refcount
291 * @r: the refcount
292 *
293 * Similar to atomic_dec_and_test(), but it will WARN, return false and
294 * ultimately leak on underflow and will fail to decrement when saturated
295 * at REFCOUNT_SATURATED.
296 *
297 * Provides release memory ordering, such that prior loads and stores are done
298 * before, and provides an acquire ordering on success such that free()
299 * must come after.
300 *
301 * Use of this function is not recommended for the normal reference counting
302 * use case in which references are taken and released one at a time. In these
303 * cases, refcount_dec(), or one of its variants, should instead be used to
304 * decrement a reference count.
305 *
306 * Return: true if the resulting refcount is 0, false otherwise
307 */
308static inline __must_check bool refcount_sub_and_test(int i, refcount_t *r)
309{
310 return __refcount_sub_and_test(i, r, NULL);
311}
312
313static inline __must_check bool __refcount_dec_and_test(refcount_t *r, int *oldp)
314{
315 return __refcount_sub_and_test(i: 1, r, oldp);
316}
317
318/**
319 * refcount_dec_and_test - decrement a refcount and test if it is 0
320 * @r: the refcount
321 *
322 * Similar to atomic_dec_and_test(), it will WARN on underflow and fail to
323 * decrement when saturated at REFCOUNT_SATURATED.
324 *
325 * Provides release memory ordering, such that prior loads and stores are done
326 * before, and provides an acquire ordering on success such that free()
327 * must come after.
328 *
329 * Return: true if the resulting refcount is 0, false otherwise
330 */
331static inline __must_check bool refcount_dec_and_test(refcount_t *r)
332{
333 return __refcount_dec_and_test(r, NULL);
334}
335
336static inline void __refcount_dec(refcount_t *r, int *oldp)
337{
338 int old = atomic_fetch_sub_release(i: 1, v: &r->refs);
339
340 if (oldp)
341 *oldp = old;
342
343 if (unlikely(old <= 1))
344 refcount_warn_saturate(r, t: REFCOUNT_DEC_LEAK);
345}
346
347/**
348 * refcount_dec - decrement a refcount
349 * @r: the refcount
350 *
351 * Similar to atomic_dec(), it will WARN on underflow and fail to decrement
352 * when saturated at REFCOUNT_SATURATED.
353 *
354 * Provides release memory ordering, such that prior loads and stores are done
355 * before.
356 */
357static inline void refcount_dec(refcount_t *r)
358{
359 __refcount_dec(r, NULL);
360}
361
362extern __must_check bool refcount_dec_if_one(refcount_t *r);
363extern __must_check bool refcount_dec_not_one(refcount_t *r);
364extern __must_check bool refcount_dec_and_mutex_lock(refcount_t *r, struct mutex *lock) __cond_acquires(lock);
365extern __must_check bool refcount_dec_and_lock(refcount_t *r, spinlock_t *lock) __cond_acquires(lock);
366extern __must_check bool refcount_dec_and_lock_irqsave(refcount_t *r,
367 spinlock_t *lock,
368 unsigned long *flags) __cond_acquires(lock);
369#endif /* _LINUX_REFCOUNT_H */
370

source code of linux/include/linux/refcount.h