1use core::fmt;
2use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
3
4/// Pads and aligns a value to the length of a cache line.
5///
6/// In concurrent programming, sometimes it is desirable to make sure commonly accessed pieces of
7/// data are not placed into the same cache line. Updating an atomic value invalidates the whole
8/// cache line it belongs to, which makes the next access to the same cache line slower for other
9/// CPU cores. Use `CachePadded` to ensure updating one piece of data doesn't invalidate other
10/// cached data.
11///
12/// # Size and alignment
13///
14/// Cache lines are assumed to be N bytes long, depending on the architecture:
15///
16/// * On x86-64, aarch64, and powerpc64, N = 128.
17/// * On arm, mips, mips64, sparc, and hexagon, N = 32.
18/// * On m68k, N = 16.
19/// * On s390x, N = 256.
20/// * On all others, N = 64.
21///
22/// Note that N is just a reasonable guess and is not guaranteed to match the actual cache line
23/// length of the machine the program is running on. On modern Intel architectures, spatial
24/// prefetcher is pulling pairs of 64-byte cache lines at a time, so we pessimistically assume that
25/// cache lines are 128 bytes long.
26///
27/// The size of `CachePadded<T>` is the smallest multiple of N bytes large enough to accommodate
28/// a value of type `T`.
29///
30/// The alignment of `CachePadded<T>` is the maximum of N bytes and the alignment of `T`.
31///
32/// # Examples
33///
34/// Alignment and padding:
35///
36/// ```
37/// use crossbeam_utils::CachePadded;
38///
39/// let array = [CachePadded::new(1i8), CachePadded::new(2i8)];
40/// let addr1 = &*array[0] as *const i8 as usize;
41/// let addr2 = &*array[1] as *const i8 as usize;
42///
43/// assert!(addr2 - addr1 >= 32);
44/// assert_eq!(addr1 % 32, 0);
45/// assert_eq!(addr2 % 32, 0);
46/// ```
47///
48/// When building a concurrent queue with a head and a tail index, it is wise to place them in
49/// different cache lines so that concurrent threads pushing and popping elements don't invalidate
50/// each other's cache lines:
51///
52/// ```
53/// use crossbeam_utils::CachePadded;
54/// use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
55///
56/// struct Queue<T> {
57/// head: CachePadded<AtomicUsize>,
58/// tail: CachePadded<AtomicUsize>,
59/// buffer: *mut T,
60/// }
61/// ```
62#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
63// Starting from Intel's Sandy Bridge, spatial prefetcher is now pulling pairs of 64-byte cache
64// lines at a time, so we have to align to 128 bytes rather than 64.
65//
66// Sources:
67// - https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/manuals/64-ia-32-architectures-optimization-manual.pdf
68// - https://github.com/facebook/folly/blob/1b5288e6eea6df074758f877c849b6e73bbb9fbb/folly/lang/Align.h#L107
69//
70// aarch64/arm64ec's big.LITTLE architecture has asymmetric cores and "big" cores have 128-byte cache line size.
71//
72// Sources:
73// - https://www.mono-project.com/news/2016/09/12/arm64-icache/
74//
75// powerpc64 has 128-byte cache line size.
76//
77// Sources:
78// - https://github.com/golang/go/blob/3dd58676054223962cd915bb0934d1f9f489d4d2/src/internal/cpu/cpu_ppc64x.go#L9
79// - https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/3516bd729358a2a9b090c1905bd2a3fa926e24c6/arch/powerpc/include/asm/cache.h#L26
80#[cfg_attr(
81 any(
82 target_arch = "x86_64",
83 target_arch = "aarch64",
84 target_arch = "arm64ec",
85 target_arch = "powerpc64",
86 ),
87 repr(align(128))
88)]
89// arm, mips, mips64, sparc, and hexagon have 32-byte cache line size.
90//
91// Sources:
92// - https://github.com/golang/go/blob/3dd58676054223962cd915bb0934d1f9f489d4d2/src/internal/cpu/cpu_arm.go#L7
93// - https://github.com/golang/go/blob/3dd58676054223962cd915bb0934d1f9f489d4d2/src/internal/cpu/cpu_mips.go#L7
94// - https://github.com/golang/go/blob/3dd58676054223962cd915bb0934d1f9f489d4d2/src/internal/cpu/cpu_mipsle.go#L7
95// - https://github.com/golang/go/blob/3dd58676054223962cd915bb0934d1f9f489d4d2/src/internal/cpu/cpu_mips64x.go#L9
96// - https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/3516bd729358a2a9b090c1905bd2a3fa926e24c6/arch/sparc/include/asm/cache.h#L17
97// - https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/3516bd729358a2a9b090c1905bd2a3fa926e24c6/arch/hexagon/include/asm/cache.h#L12
98#[cfg_attr(
99 any(
100 target_arch = "arm",
101 target_arch = "mips",
102 target_arch = "mips32r6",
103 target_arch = "mips64",
104 target_arch = "mips64r6",
105 target_arch = "sparc",
106 target_arch = "hexagon",
107 ),
108 repr(align(32))
109)]
110// m68k has 16-byte cache line size.
111//
112// Sources:
113// - https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/3516bd729358a2a9b090c1905bd2a3fa926e24c6/arch/m68k/include/asm/cache.h#L9
114#[cfg_attr(target_arch = "m68k", repr(align(16)))]
115// s390x has 256-byte cache line size.
116//
117// Sources:
118// - https://github.com/golang/go/blob/3dd58676054223962cd915bb0934d1f9f489d4d2/src/internal/cpu/cpu_s390x.go#L7
119// - https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/3516bd729358a2a9b090c1905bd2a3fa926e24c6/arch/s390/include/asm/cache.h#L13
120#[cfg_attr(target_arch = "s390x", repr(align(256)))]
121// x86, wasm, riscv, and sparc64 have 64-byte cache line size.
122//
123// Sources:
124// - https://github.com/golang/go/blob/dda2991c2ea0c5914714469c4defc2562a907230/src/internal/cpu/cpu_x86.go#L9
125// - https://github.com/golang/go/blob/3dd58676054223962cd915bb0934d1f9f489d4d2/src/internal/cpu/cpu_wasm.go#L7
126// - https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/3516bd729358a2a9b090c1905bd2a3fa926e24c6/arch/riscv/include/asm/cache.h#L10
127// - https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/3516bd729358a2a9b090c1905bd2a3fa926e24c6/arch/sparc/include/asm/cache.h#L19
128//
129// All others are assumed to have 64-byte cache line size.
130#[cfg_attr(
131 not(any(
132 target_arch = "x86_64",
133 target_arch = "aarch64",
134 target_arch = "arm64ec",
135 target_arch = "powerpc64",
136 target_arch = "arm",
137 target_arch = "mips",
138 target_arch = "mips32r6",
139 target_arch = "mips64",
140 target_arch = "mips64r6",
141 target_arch = "sparc",
142 target_arch = "hexagon",
143 target_arch = "m68k",
144 target_arch = "s390x",
145 )),
146 repr(align(64))
147)]
148pub struct CachePadded<T> {
149 value: T,
150}
151
152unsafe impl<T: Send> Send for CachePadded<T> {}
153unsafe impl<T: Sync> Sync for CachePadded<T> {}
154
155impl<T> CachePadded<T> {
156 /// Pads and aligns a value to the length of a cache line.
157 ///
158 /// # Examples
159 ///
160 /// ```
161 /// use crossbeam_utils::CachePadded;
162 ///
163 /// let padded_value = CachePadded::new(1);
164 /// ```
165 pub const fn new(t: T) -> CachePadded<T> {
166 CachePadded::<T> { value: t }
167 }
168
169 /// Returns the inner value.
170 ///
171 /// # Examples
172 ///
173 /// ```
174 /// use crossbeam_utils::CachePadded;
175 ///
176 /// let padded_value = CachePadded::new(7);
177 /// let value = padded_value.into_inner();
178 /// assert_eq!(value, 7);
179 /// ```
180 pub fn into_inner(self) -> T {
181 self.value
182 }
183}
184
185impl<T> Deref for CachePadded<T> {
186 type Target = T;
187
188 fn deref(&self) -> &T {
189 &self.value
190 }
191}
192
193impl<T> DerefMut for CachePadded<T> {
194 fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
195 &mut self.value
196 }
197}
198
199impl<T: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for CachePadded<T> {
200 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
201 f&mut DebugStruct<'_, '_>.debug_struct("CachePadded")
202 .field(name:"value", &self.value)
203 .finish()
204 }
205}
206
207impl<T> From<T> for CachePadded<T> {
208 fn from(t: T) -> Self {
209 CachePadded::new(t)
210 }
211}
212
213impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for CachePadded<T> {
214 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
215 fmt::Display::fmt(&self.value, f)
216 }
217}
218